• CM4 has demonstrated to be mitogenic on both T- and B-cell populations. T-cells are lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity. B-cells are the lymphocytes responsible for producing antibodies.
• Research, most recently, has shown CM4 to have a major impact on Heat Shock Proteins (HSP). HSP's are immunodominant antigens. HSP's play a role in protection from and against pathogenesis of infectious diseases.
• CM4 has been shown to have moderate anti-viral activity. An anti-viral is an agent which inhibits or kills viruses.
• Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a highly inflammatory cytokine that when elevated is linked to auto-immune diseases including HIV/AIDS, Cancer, Crohn's Disease, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. By reducing TNF-α levels, CM4 seemed to be slowing disease progression, extending life, and improving the quality of life of those affected.
• Th1-like cytokines mRNA specific for IFN-γ showed a increase in response to CM4, whereas the Th2-like cytokine IL-6 mRNA was increased, and IL-10 was decreased. Moreover, the levels of stimulation of mRNA specific for IL-2 was completely abrogated by CM4 in all samples. Therefore, T-cell exposure to CM4 selectively enhances IFN-γ mRNA expression as opposed to IL-2, and reduces antigen-induced T-cell expression of IL-10 mRNA. The significance of such divergent effects in these critical Th1-like cytokines may have important implications for treatment of diseases that show deficient Th1-like cytokine expression and in modulating immunoglobulin production in humoral immunity following vaccinations.
• CM4 appears to suppress the expression of members of the CCR chemokine receptor family, known to be important in HIV spread between CD4+ cells and in overall disease survival. The suppression of cell surface receptors should result in slowing disease progression and could have significant impact on transmission of the virus from mother to fetus in childbirth.

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